The Portrayal of Women in Art 1962-2002 Free Essays

We have, more or less, as an audience become used to the idealized depiction of women. Often, particularly in classical styles, they were portrayed as reclining nudes who were there for the viewer’s pleasure. With averted eyes, they touched themselves sensually, typically innocent and oblivious that there is someone painting her for all to see. We will write a custom essay sample on The Portrayal of Women in Art: 1962-2002 or any similar topic only for you Order Now When they weren’t sexual-fantasy fodder, they were servile and obedient–particularly in the 1940?s and 1950?s after the end of the strong women era of World War II. They wore their hair in perfect curls, with their perfect dresses and worked merrily away in their perfect kitchens. In Jack Levine’s Girl with Red Hair there is a shift away from the perfect, care-free woman that came before. Rather, nudity is embraced as an aspect of the woman’s power rather than the viewer’s object. The subject confronts the viewer with her gaze. This portrait is not a portrait of a naked girl, but rather, a girl who happens to be naked. There is no trace of sexiness or sensuality–we are drawn to her face so that we may attempt to discern what this girl is thinking. Though her breasts are there, they are poorly rendered compared to the depth of her face and do not trap the eye like the neatly depicted flesh of the reclining nudes. Hotline for Troubled Teens, 1970. Joe DeMers (1910-1984). Acrylic on board, 22 ? x 18 ? in. New Britain Museum of American Art, Gift of Walt Reed, 2000. 45. Through both this artistic empowerment of women and the then energized Feminist Movement, women became less objects for a viewer’s pleasure and instead independent characters. In Joe DeMers’ Hotline for Troubled Teens, the gender is nearly removed from the girl. She is seen wearing an over-shirt that hides her breasts and her other feminine features are minimized. The girl is entered into a narrative–no longer is there a displaced nude body just lying around. Instead, we are shown a girl in her not-so-ideal life. Her face is concerned and the telephone cord is wrapped about her shoulders and wrist. She appears to be entirely dismissive of her viewers–be they out on the street around her, or elsewhere. She is self-serving and concerned with only her present situation. The title even suggests that this girl is reaching out (at the time, even that would have been taboo) in order to help herself–a principle that began to empower women during the Feminist Movement. Laneisha II, 1996. Dawoud Bey (b. 1953). Polacolor ER prints, 90 x 45 3/4 in. New Britain Museum of American Art, Members Purchase Fund, 2000. 34. This is one of my favorite pieces of the collection for many reasons. Predominantly, the depiction of women has centered around the â€Å"ideal woman†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwhich, if you haven’t picked up a magazine lately, is typically white, attractive, young, thin and perky. The woman here, however, is the antithesis. Though she is attractive, she does not have the â€Å"elegant† features that a painter might have looked for in the first half of the century. She is fragmented into six pieces and while they mostly match up–in that there are no huge gaps of information–there is a significant deformation of her figure. Her face is extra wide and left arm seems oddly long. A clear difference between the perfectly kept and rendered women of the past, this modern woman allows her flaws and her discord to be reflected in between each frame. She is a woman, not an object to behold. Untitled, 2000. Cindy Sherman (b. 1954). Color photograph, edition 1/6, 32 1/2 x 22 in. Members Purchase Fund, 2000. 88. I particularly enjoy this piece for several reasons: like the piece above, she is not typically â€Å"beautiful†Ã¢â‚¬â€œparticularly for the era in which it was taken. Rather, her appearance is outdated–thick, dark eyebrows, slicked back hair and that awful blue blouse she is wearing. Instead of dismissing the woman as ugly, we are able to see past her physicality. She bears a face that almost says â€Å"Yeah, so what? ’ to her audience. She isn’t hip, nor is she young and beautiful (as dictated by the standards of society) any more. There is a bluntness to this photograph that disempowers the sitter; it almost seems as if she’s the one judging and not vice-versa. Beauty I, 2002. Mark Catalina (b. 1965). Acrylic on canvas, 72 x 72 in. New Britain Museum of American Art, Gift of the Artist, 2003. 01 Lastly, this piece seems to me to be the most poignant out of the bunch. We are not privy to the â€Å"real† image, but only its negative. In form, we might recognize the person as a female. They have breasts, long flowing hair, jewelry†¦ some of the key indicators of what we may associate with being a woman. However, with the inverted colors, we are shown someone with manly features and thus, the lines of gender are blurred. Clearly, the makeup the subject is wearing is exaggerated–dark lips and cat-like eyeshadow–and further masks the individual’s gender. This piece is so inexorably tied to the way in which sex and gender are separated and defined. In this, the artist is redefining the appearance of women, in that women may not even be â€Å"feminine† at all. This piece broaches the subject of femininity and womanhood in an entirely new way, and is entirely appropriate in the evolving context of women in art. What do you think about the portrayal of women in art? How has it changed in the last 500 years? 50 years? 5 years? How can women gain power through representation in art? How does this compare to men in art? 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Richard daley Essay Example For Students

Richard daley Essay Richard Joseph Daley, the grandson of Irish immigrants, was born in the Bridgeport area of Chicago on May 15, 1902. He was graduated from De La Salle Institute in 1918 and worked in the stockyards for several years before studying law. While studying, he worked as a clerk in the Cook County Controllers office. In 1936 Daley married Eleanor Guilfoyle, and the couple had three daughters and four sons. One son, Richard M. Daley, served in the Illinois Senate and as Cook County states attorney before being elected mayor of Chicago in 1989. Daley held several elected posts before becoming mayor. He was state representative from 1936 to 1938, state senator from 1939 to 1946, county deputy controller from 1946 to 1949, and county clerk from 1950 to 1955. He also served as state revenue director, an appointed position, under Governor Adlai Stevenson. In these positions, Daley gained a keen understanding of government and a mastery of budgets and revenue sources. Cook County Democratic party chairman Richard J. Daley, 53, wins the Chicago mayoralty race and begins a 21-year career as mayor of the second largest U.S. city. Daley, the archetypal city boss, served as mayor from 1955 to 1976. He was one of the last big city bosses. As a Democrat, Daley wielded a great deal of power in this largely Democratic city. He headed a powerful political machine that effectively dominated much of Chicago. He governed by the spoils system, and he delivered many local votes for Democratic presidential candidates. His support was often sought by state and national leaders. Daley gained national notoriety in 1968 when Chicago police brutally subdued demonstrators at the Democratic National Convention. Daley was an important figure in the national Democratic Party. As the mayor of Chicago until his death in 1976 and as chairman of Chicagos Cook County Democratic Central Committee from 1953 to 1976, Richard Joseph Daley was one of the most powerful politicians in the United States. He easi ly won reelection to office in five successive campaigns from 1959 to 1975, and during his mayoralty Chicago was the scene of an unprecedented building boom, improvement in city services, and urban renewal programs. Daley ran Chicago when federal government was pouring billions into highways, public transit, housing for poor. He used it to advantage, mounting massive urban renewal and transportation projects. Neighborhoods resisted, but Daley prevailed. He was a builder, developing OHare Airport, public housing projects, University of Illinois campus and McCormick Place. A machine politician in the old tradition, Daley will use patronage to control the Illinois state vote and obtain tax breaks and zoning-law favors for real estate interests and others that support him. Although Daley remained popular and influential during his several terms, his administration was marred by a number of political scandals, by civil-rights disturbances, and by a riot at the 1968 Democratic convention. Daley was among John F. Kennedys key supporters in the 1960 presidential election, providing him with the delegates who helped him win a first-ballot nomination and a massive Chicago vote that delivered Illinois for Kennedy in his narrow victory over Richard M. Nixon. Daley hosted the 1968 Democratic National Convention at President Lyndon B. Johnsons request. Daleys national reputation was seriously tarnished as the result of violence between anti-Vietnam War demonstrators and Chicago police. Ironically, Daley had been a private critic of the Victnam War and had urged Johnson to withdraw U.S. forces. In 1972, Daley was dealt another blow when the Democratic National Convention refused to seat his Illinois delegation because of noncompliance with new selection rules. In 1976, Jimmy Carter said that Daleys endorsement clinched his first-ballot nomination for the presidency, but Daley failed to deliver Illinois for Carter in the election. Controlling 30,000 patronage jobs and savvy w ard organization, he delivered elections for himself and Democratic allies. Blacks were a major component of the Daley coalition, providing him with his winning margin in his two closest mayoral elections. But his relationship with them deteriorated in the turbulent hours after Dr. Martin Luther Kings assassination when Daley issued a shoot-to-kill order in the wake of riots and looting on the citys West Side. He later resented the challenge to his authority as party chairman by black Democratic politicians. Race riots erupt at Baltimore, Boston, Detroit, Kansas City, Newark, Washington, D.C., and scores of other cities including Chicago following the King assassination. In 1968 protesters staged a demonstration against the Vietnam War in Chicago during the Democratic presidential convention. Daley ordered aggressive police action to quash the protest. Chicagos Mayor Daley gives police shoot to kill orders to put down the rioting, 46 deaths result across the country, 55,000 federal troops and National Guardsmen are called out, 21,270 arrests made. The ensuing violence by police led to several days of rioting. Even The Boss, Mayor Richard J. Daley, wasnt exempt from the FBIs suspicion of being a communist sympathizer, a tool of the mob or an accommodator to civil rights leaders. Under a federal Freedom of Information Act request, the Chicago Tribune obtained 300 pages of Daleys file compiled by J. Edgar Hoovers FBI. The reports span Daleys career from state senator in the 1940s until his death in 1976, the newspaper said in Sundays editions. The file on Daley, Chicagos mayor from 1955 through 1976, contains a wealth of innuendoes and guilt by association. None apparently rose beyond the level of gossip. It was typical of Hoover to try to just gather any information he could about powerful politicians as a way of just making sure he maintained his own seat of power, said Ron Kessler, author of The FBI: Inside the Worlds Most Powerful Law Enforcement Agency. It w as really sort of a secret police that Hoover operated. The file notes an association between Daley and possible communist elements as an Illinois state senator. It cites an invitation Daley received to speak at an American Youth for Democracy gathering in January 1944 in Chicago. The invitation, which Daley declined, was issued at the instigation of Robert Travis, referred to in the file as a reported communist. When Daley first ran for mayor, the Communist Party of Illinois issued instructions to members that Daley must be elected for the Party to retain its strength in labor. The file also alleges organized crime figures found Daley sympathetic to them, at least before he became mayor. Later, mobsters like Sam Giancana complained about Daleys weakening of the ward boss system, which the mob relied on for political favors. Informants told the FBI of Daleys efforts to reach out to black civil rights leaders, including Matin Luther King Jr. In the riotous aftermath of Kings assassin ation, the FBI reported extensively about Daleys shoot to kill order aimed at arsonists, a stand the FBI praised. For twenty-one years, Daley presided over city government and the Democratic organization in his dual role as mayor and party chairman. He cultivated alliances with organized labor and industry that contributed to Chicagos renaissance at a time when other northern industrial cities were declining. He helped build the worlds largest airport and tallest office building, a lakefront convention center, a governmental complex that would later bear his name, a Chicago campus for the state university, expressways, and mass transit lines. He is known by many as the best mayor Chicago may ever have. A series of court rulings against political patronage diminished Daleys clout in his final term, and his political organization declined further in the decade after his death. Chicagos Mayor Richard Daley dies at age 84 after more than two decades of dominating Illinois politics. He d ied in Chicago of a heart attack on Dec. 20, 1976. .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 , .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 .postImageUrl , .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 , .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7:hover , .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7:visited , .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7:active { border:0!important; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7:active , .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7 .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45e1d8eebf398d0f76858f9a120c8da7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civil Disobedience Essay Summary this paper is not my own work, it is research for the paper that i am writing on daley.

Swimming History Essays - Swimming, Aquatics, Freestyle Swimming

Swimming History Swimming was invented before recorded history. Humans discovered how to swim by accident. A person probably fell into the water and struggled to shore using a dog-paddle stroke. There was an Egyptian hieroglyph for swimming dating from 2500 BC. The ancient Greeks and Romans made swimming an important part of their military training programs. There have been known swimming contests that were organized in Japan as early as the 1st century BC. During the Middle Ages in Europe, swimming declined in popularity. People felt that the water was contaminated and a source of disease. Not everyone feared the water, however, Louis XI reportedly swam daily in the Seine. During the early 19th century, swimming enjoyed a revival, especially in England, Lord Byron swam the Dardanelles river, to prove that the mythological hero Leander could have done it. Organized competitive swimming began in England in the 1840s. In 1844 the British were surprised when two American Indians demonstrated the efficiency of a method of swimming similar to the modern crawl. The British still swam with the head above the water, a holdover from the days when people believed that the water was contaminated. An overhand stroke was introduced into England in 1873 by J. Arthur Trudgen, who had seen South American Indians using this method to swim really fast. When the flutter kick was introduced, the modern "Australian crawl" was born, and this stroke has since become the most common and most important swimming stroke. FITNESS COMPONENTS To swim well u need to know how to coordinate your arms and legs to get you through the water. At first you will probably need to have lessons. Also to swim u need agility and just gravity. Swimming also requires balance and quickness in some cases. Not much is needed to know if you want to swim. Swimming improves heart and lung efficiency, enhances muscle strength and endurance, improves flexibility, and reduces stress. It's easy on the joints, and uses more muscles than most other forms of exercise. Although swimming burns a great deal of calories, recreational swimmers tend to lose less weight than would be expected from other types of aerobic activity. Scientists say that cold water removes heat from the body, stimulating appetite to keep the body warm. Exposure to cold water may encourage the body to maintain fat stores for insulation. To lose weight by swimming, its necessary to cut down on the calories you eat, and to swim fast enough and long enough. Swimming can burn more than 660 calories an hour when performed correctly and causes less injuries to joints and muscles than aerobics or jogging. It takes only three hours a week of strenuous swimming to improve flexibility, increase strength and build cardiovascular endurance. Swimming provides a good aerobic workout if 25% of the total laps are performed at maximum intensity. However, only 5% of those who swim do so at an aerobic pace. Although few doubt the aerobic benefits of swimming, studies comparing swimming with jogging, results found that swimmers lost less body fat than joggers. Apparently swimming causes an adjustment in how energy is burned, resulting in the burning of more carbohydrates than body fat. One reason might be that swimmers retain more body fat to insulate and maintain body heat. However, swimming works both the upper and lower body which jogging does not. WHAT IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT TO MASTER IN YOUR SPORT? EXPLAIN HOW THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED. More than half of all Americans can't swim. Drownings claimed 5,200 American lives in 1990 and is the fourth leading cause of accidental deaths for children under 5. Many feel figures are actually higher, since deaths occurring after resuscitation or hospitalization usually aren't attributed to the original drowning. Many lives could be saved if people would just learn to swim. Correct swimming doesn't come naturally to the body and can't be learned overnight. Those swimmers who are exhausted after half a lap need more instruction. The most common swimming problem is incorrect breathing which causes individuals to expend more energy than necessary. Coordinating breathing with proper head rotation is the key to proficient swimming. Proper instruction is the only way you can learn this, it is the key component to swim well. WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT YOUR SPORT? The most unique thing about swimming is the actual racing in the water, you dive off blocks and swim as fast as u can in as many different styles and lengths. BIBLIOGRAPHY "Swimming." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 1996 ed "Total immersion swimming" Arcticles by Terry Luaghlin

Help You Do an Expository Essay like a Pro an Explicit Example About Friends

Help You Do an Expository Essay like a Pro an Explicit Example About Friends They say that friends are the family you can choose. Its also an invisible shield that keeps you warm on a cold day. Read about the qualities of a great friend and think whether you are the one. What Is an Expository Essay? An expository essay is a type of written discourse that serves the purpose of explaining, describing and providing information to the reader. This is a simple expository essay definition. Expository essays can also be fairly accurately termed ‘information’ or ‘informative’ essays. 50 MOST POPULAR EXPOSITORY ESSAY TOPICS If you are looking for expository essay examples here is a great one below Expository Essay Example: Qualities of a Good Friend Of all the friends one gets to have in a lifetime, the good friends are the ones who last longest and become family. Friends are the people we let into our walled-off lives – they are the people we know well and with whom we have a bond of mutual affection. A good friend is someone who defends and protects, who is loyal, considerate and kind, a person who is fun and brings out the best in their friends. The list of qualities making up a good friend is endless and depends on the individual. However, there are many common qualities that can be seen in all â€Å"good† friends. For starters, a good friend is a person on which someone else can always depend. This can probably be said about all good friends. They are dependable. When another friend needs them, they are the first there to help. They make their friend’s problem their own problem, too. Whether it’s money, time, resources or emotional support, a good friend is always there for someone they care about, for their other friends. They are reliable – you can always rely on a good friend. Its kind of a little miracle, that your friend always happens to be there for you, willing to offer their time and energy. Also, another quality of a good friend is being a good listener. Sometimes, people just need someone to talk to, someone who will listen and put their own thoughts, concerns, and opinions aside just for a few minutes. Being a good listener is a friend attractor, actually, because listening demonstrates one’s support, sensitivity, empathy, kindness, and consideration – among other things. In times of celebration and in times of hardship, what everyone needs and wants and requires is someone they can express their thoughts, emotions, concerns, and celebrations to. It’s a rather simple, almost innate need – to have a friend. On top of that, a good friend is thoughtful. A good friend is a friend who will, upon hearing of their friend’s bad day, will change their plans and plan something that friend will definitely find uplifting. A good friend in someone who will, upon getting the news about their friend’s promotion or a new job, will throw a party in their name and celebrate with them to make the moment memorable and special. Thoughtfulness means mindfulness, which requires being a good listener and caring about a person. Everyone wants respect, needs it and has to have it. It feels good. It’s a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements, something all good friends also must have or demonstrate from time to time. Most good friendships are supported by mutual respect. This means they look up to that person and have an immense amount of satisfaction in being close to, associating with this person and calling them a â€Å"friend.† Lastly, straightforwardness is also a quality that can be found in good friends. This means they say things as they are and can be honest without sugarcoating the truth. This occurs only in the case the friends trust each other’s opinions and can share them. The qualities of a good friend range, as there are tons of different qualities that people find valuable and attractive in others. But the qualities listed above – that illustrate how a good friend is dependable, a good listener, thoughtful, respectful and straightforward – are the ones most people most likely see, or want to see, in a really good friend. A really good friend will always help you to face facts and make your life easier. Always be a good friend! If you are looking for an excellent expository essay that will be written according to your requirements, will contain proper formatting, language, and structure, feel free to contact our writing staff and  place your order  with us. We have written hundreds of expository papers in the past and have developed extensive expertise in expository essay writing.

7 Interesting Facts About Labor Day That Will Surprise You

7 Interesting Facts About Labor Day That Will Surprise You This Monday, September 3rd is Labor Day, in the United States. Families across the country will celebrate with barbecues, picnics, sporting events, and activities on the beach. It’s our last opportunity to enjoy the summer  before  it ends. This is what Labor Day has traditionally been known for. However, the history of Labor Day is a little more complex than  picnics and barbecue celebrations. Here are some interesting facts about Labor Day that you might not have known were true. Fact #1The first Labor Day occurred on September 5, 1882 in New York City.Fact #2Oregon was the first state to make Labor Day an official holiday in 1887.Fact #3The holiday’s origins stem back to the 1800s when the average American worked 12-hours a day, 7-days a week. Children ages 5-6 worked in factories and mines.Fact #4People avoided wearing white clothing after Labor Day as it unofficially marked the end of summer.Fact #5Labor Day began in Toronto, Canada in 1872 but quickly made i ts way to  the United States.Fact #6Labor Day began as a demonstration for workers rights but is modernly seen as an opportunity to celebrate the last day of summer.Fact #7In other countries, May 1st (May Day) is the day working people are honored. The majority of Europe celebrates May Day.Sources: [Forbes,  DoSomething.org,  CNN]

Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants Essay

Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants - Essay Example As soon as the girl is pregnant, the American presses for an abortion saying that it will be a simple operation because he doesn’t want to settle down like the ‘white hills’ and still wants to enjoy life like the ‘elephant’. The emotional substance behind their togetherness is negated by the American’s attitude and Jig ultimately realizes this. While the American has choices, Jig is left with none. She has to either lose the baby or the man. She has to choose between her love and her responsibility. While she chooses to listen to the American because she loves him, she ultimately realizes that the element of love itself is lost, for, he doesn’t love her. Else, he wouldn’t have worn that facade of love only for pleasure and just to run away like a coward as soon as the trouble comes. The way they react to the problem in hand is also different. Jig is asking different questions and is genuinely interested in solving the problem. On the other hand, the American’s goal is to get rid of the problem instead of facing or solving it.

COMPUTER CRIME Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COMPUTER CRIME - Coursework Example The latest statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI (2014) indicates that the complaints received in 2012 were 289,874 amounting to losses of $525,441,110, this representing 8.3% increase in losses reported to the agency in a span of one year. The trend is similar to what has been recorded from 2008. In spite of the adjustments by the FBI in tackling current wave of crimes, the threat continues to present most dynamic transformations, making them increasingly sophisticated, dangerous and common. The widespread interconnectivity leveraging on the Internet is to blame for this trend. The Internet provides a shared and integrated platform that fosters anonymity and inability to be traced thus propagating computer crimes (Stephenson & Gilbert, 2013). Furthermore, there is a rapid increase in computer knowledge in the modern world which propagates formulation of complex attacks. There is an increasing list of the types of computer crimes. Among the common types are hacking, phishing and virus distribution. Hacking refers to the beating of computer system security capabilities so as to gain illegal access to information stored therein. This also includes the hacking of IP addresses so as to transact under a false identity, hence anonymity in carrying out crime. Secondly, phishing entails the acquisition of sensitive information such as passwords, usernames and credit card details in the disguise of a trustworthy source. It could be executed through emails or luring users to key in personal information in criminal websites. Criminals would often use websites having familiar looks so as to gain the users’ confidence. Finally, the crime of computer viruses involves use of computer programs with the capability of self replication that harms computer systems in a network. This occurs without the user’s knowledge and spreads from a computer to anothe r through